[SPOILERS] SOMA to Superficial?

[Fortigurn]

They don't really dive into what consciousness is?

They do.

We just get fed these ideas and we gobble it up for the sake of the game...

We don't.

...but the game doesn't really dive into the topic of consciousness much at all does it?

It does.

All those documents to give details to the situation but nothing really on the ARK, on the device that scans the mind, or how it is consciousness can be stored digitally?. What aspect of our electrical signals gets translated into 0's and 1's?

That's science, not philosophy. The philosophy stuff is dealt with in considerable detail in the incidental environmental documents and emergent plot.