Alright so I spent the better part of the last 6 or so hours figuring out how to get Penumbra compiled, and most of that time was not being able to find solutions to problems people already had. I figured it would be a idea to post them here for newcomers.
Problem 1:
In MeshLoaderColladaLoader.cpp, lines 1256, 1278 and 1300.
cString::FloatStringToArray(&vRawData[0],pVecText->Value(),lSize * 3);
This one tripped me up for a little while, until I commented it out and just used the code right above it. Worked like a charm, and I can find no real problems with doing said method.
Problem 2:
Crash upon entering the first real level, directly after opening the hatch that was covered in ice. This one was a little trickier to figure out, as there was no directly stated solution, but I have found that user Ricky has a solution that works for this. You can find his bugfixes for this problem
here. (I'm assuming hes okay with me sharing his crafty bugfixes.) The fix for this particular problem is just modifying two lines in MeshLoaderCollada.cpp.
Problem 3:
Crash upon entering the storage room. This one I actually did myself, and am rather proud of in my amateur, sleep-deprived state. Line 470 and 471 in AINodeContainer.cpp sometimes causes a divide-by-zero error, which I somehow stumbled upon. You can see what I did to fix it
here.
And thats all I've got. Hopefully this will help the uninitiated create some stuff.