This to me sounds like the SSAO features are an issue.
I'm not 100% sure if the same applies to Steam on Linux, but if you right click on A Machine For Pigs in your Steam library, you can opt to run the Settings Launcher for AMFP. Go to the Graphics tab and, in the advanced settings, ensure SSAO is disabled. You may also opt to alter a few other settings, but that should be the main cause of the problem.
If the Settings Launcher cannot be launched in this manner, then you need to navigate to where A Machine For Pigs is installed and run the Launcher manually. According to a few searches, it should be something like /home/.steam/steam/SteamApps/common/Machine For Pigs/, and run the Launcher application. From there, you can disable SSAO as explained above and try again.
A hpl.log is almost always generated no matter how the game closes, and according to the troubleshooting guide, can be found in .frictionalgames/Amnesia/Pig/ on a Linux system. If disabling SSAO does not work, please try looking in that directory, and if the log exists, post it here.